翻訳と辞書 Words near each other ・ Urban Breed ・ Urban Breeze ・ Urban Bush Women ・ Urban Bushmen ・ Urban Bäckström ・ Urban Carmichael ・ Urban Center (art gallery) ・ Urban champeta ・ Urban Champion ・ Urban Chaos ・ Urban chicken ・ Urban China Initiative ・ Urban Chipmunk ・ Urban Christian fiction ・ Urban climate ・ Urban climatology ・ Urban College of Boston ・ Urban communities in France ・ Urban Community of Arras ・ Urban Community of Bordeaux ・ Urban Community of Brest ・ Urban Community of Creusot Montceau ・ Urban Community of Greater Nancy ・ Urban Community of Lyon ・ Urban Community of Marseille Provence Métropole ・ Urban Community of Nantes Métropole ・ Urban community of Nice Côte d'Azur ・ Urban community of Vesoul ・ Urban computing ・ Urban Cone Dictionary Lists mini英和辞書 mini和英辞書 Webster 1913 Latin-English FOLDOC Wikipedia English ウィキペディア

翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Urban climatology ： ウィキペディア英語版 Urban climatology Urban climatology refers to a specific branch of climatology that is concerned with interactions between urban areas and the atmosphere, the effects they have on one another, and the varying spatial and temporal scales at which these processes (and responses) occur. == History == Luke Howard is considered to have established urban climatology with his book ''The Climate of London'', which contained continuous daily observations from 1801 to 1841 of wind direction, atmospheric pressure, maximum temperature, and rainfall.〔Mills, G. 2007: Luke Howard and The Climate of London. Weather 63, 153-157 ()〕 Urban climatology came about as a methodology for studying the results of industrialization and urbanization. Constructing cities changes the physical environment and alters energy, moisture, and motion regimes near the surface. Most of these alterations can be traced to causal factors such as air pollution; anthropogenic sources of heat; surface waterproofing; thermal properties of the surface materials; and morphology of the surface and its specific three-dimensional geometry—building spacing, height, orientation, vegetative layering, and the overall dimensions and geography of these elements.〔Arnfield, A. John. "Two Decades of Urban Climate Research: A Review of Turbulence, Exchanges of Energy and Water, and the Urban Heat Island." International Journal of Climatology 23.1 (2003): 1-26. Web. ().〕 Other factors are relief, proximity to water bodies, size of the city, population density, and land-use distributions.〔Oke, T.R. 1988: Street design and urban canopy layer climate. Energy and Buildings 11, 103-113 ()〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Urban climatology」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.